Qualitative and Quantitative Considerations in Examination of War Essay

Subjective and Quantitative Considerations in Examination of War - Essay Example As indicated by Clausewitz war is the continuation of legislative issues by different methods. War is the preparation of national capacity to accomplish political targets, which have been converted into vital military destinations, by blending the material variables of financial limit, innovative limit, transportation, and so on., and unimportant elements like national will, will of the ruler and flexibility ( Note: Considerations for the Study of War 2010). The military vital arrangement of the state will clarify how the errand is to be practiced. Each state will do battle with a vital arrangement which might be composed or might be a desire of the ruler. Thus, the point of war is the most significant subjective thought. The point of war can likewise be restricted or boundless. War has a double nature, as indicated by Clausewitz. One is the target reality and the other is the emotional reality. The target idea of war alludes to the normal things in war, for example brutality, dread, peril, fortune, and so forth.

Who Cares about Student Apathy? :: Personal Narrative Essays

Who Cares about Student Apathy?   In the course of the most recent a while I have been risen in the issue of voter disregard. This year just 8.3% of understudies casted a ballot in our Student Government races.   This turned into a significant issue to me since I previously came to secondary school. I viewed a considerable lot of my companions show no enthusiasm for what was happening around secondary school. They didn't have the foggiest idea about any of the applicants and they didn't appear to mind what befell the association that conveyed the most weight in passing on understudy interests to the organization. From this talk, I set out this semester in light of objectives.   1) Increase voter turnout in the SGA political race 2) Make casting a ballot accessible on-line 3) Increase understudy enthusiasm for SGA   Obviously I bombed at all 3 objectives. Our voter turnout went down from the earlier year, and I was told deciding on-line had just been examined and the organization had concluded that it was not reasonable. It is difficult to quantify whether I expanded enthusiasm for understudy government, nonetheless, in view of the past two, I accept intrigue has not expanded.   While now in my undertakings I got disappointed. That didn't stop me. I began basically conversing with individuals I think about democratic. I asked them for what valid reason they thought understudies had disregard and what they thought may change that. These conversations changed my viewpoint totally. I was not, at this point worried about simply getting everybody to the surveys since I understood that it took more than that to get individuals included. With the end goal for understudies to cast a ballot, they should unequivocally accept that what's going on influences them by and by and that by casting a ballot they are standing firm about something, yet in addition they accept their stand will have any kind of effect. Understudies who are not deciding in favor of these reasons likely ought not be casting a ballot. This was a defining moment in my procedure, and from here I made two new strides.   1) I built up a study on casting a ballot 2) I made a data sheet to broadcast the SGA political decision   The SGA political decision isn't profoundly publized, and I felt it may be useful to post sheets advising understudies how and where to cast a ballot.   I especially enjoyed the one vote insights on the data sheet disseminated to understudies. Who Cares about Student Apathy? :: Personal Narrative Essays Who Cares about Student Apathy?   In the course of the most recent a while I have been risen in the issue of voter unresponsiveness. This year just 8.3% of understudies casted a ballot in our Student Government decisions.   This turned into a significant issue to me since I originally came to secondary school. I viewed a considerable lot of my companions show no enthusiasm for what was happening around secondary school. They didn't have the foggiest idea about any of the applicants and they didn't appear to mind what befell the association that conveyed the most weight in passing on understudy interests to the organization. From this talk, I set out this semester in light of objectives.   1) Increase voter turnout in the SGA political race 2) Make casting a ballot accessible on-line 3) Increase understudy enthusiasm for SGA   Obviously I flopped at all 3 objectives. Our voter turnout went down from the earlier year, and I was told deciding on-line had just been talked about and the organization had concluded that it was not pragmatic. It is difficult to gauge whether I expanded enthusiasm for understudy government, be that as it may, in view of the past two, I accept intrigue has not expanded.   While now in my undertakings I got disappointed. That didn't stop me. I began essentially conversing with individuals I think about democratic. I asked them for what reason they thought understudies had lack of care and what they thought may change that. These conversations changed my standpoint totally. I was not, at this point worried about simply getting everybody to the surveys since I understood that it took more than that to get individuals included. With the end goal for understudies to cast a ballot, they should emphatically accept that what's going on influences them by and by and that by casting a ballot they are standing firm about something, yet in addition they accept their stand will have any kind of effect. Understudies who are not deciding in favor of these reasons most likely ought not be casting a ballot. This was a defining moment in my procedure, and from here I made two new strides.   1) I built up a study on casting a ballot 2) I made a data sheet to broadcast the SGA political decision   The SGA political decision isn't exceptionally publized, and I felt it may be advantageous to post sheets advising understudies how and where to cast a ballot.   I especially preferred the one vote measurements on the data sheet disseminated to understudies.

Steve and Me

Steve and Me I remember the first time I ever saw a computer. I was four, and my familys basement, which contained my fathers office, flooded during a terrible rain storm. My father, an electrical engineer who had swapped a soldering iron for a slim-cut suit and gotten into semiconductor sales, was wading around in the rising water, making sure that everything essential was stored on top of a tall cabinet out of harms way. The very first thing he put up there was his treasured Mac IIsi. Later, I would come to love that MacIIsi for its games. Shufflepuck Cafe, Oregon Trail, Stuntcopter. I think for a time there I thought my dad must play fun games for a living, because thats what the computer was clearly for. When I found out he used it for his job, I asked why. Because, he said, it just works. And it did work. And even today, more than 20 years later, it still does. Ive always been a Mac guy. I dont fall into the stereotype of the Apple fanboy. Neither does my dad, who is about as far as you can get from an artsy hipster farting around coffee shops and indie record stores. I always used Macs because, for me, they just worked. Granted, some of this was because I grew up on Macs, and so Ive always thought in Mac. I can make a Windows machine go, and I can bumble around a *nix system without breaking too much stuff. But on an Apple product, I find that I move about as skillfully and comfortably as if navigating my own kitchen. Its like a native language: its not so much about whether you know the vocabulary and syntax as much as you understand, intutitively, how it operates, the innate and unspoken cultural references and use patterns. To the extent that this is true and to the extent that Apple products, from my Macbook to my iPhone, are omnipresent in my life Steve Jobs was one of the most influential people in my life. Not because I knew him, or because I followed his dictums and philosophy. But because the technological environment in which I exist was created by him. If I were a fish, hed have provided much of the water in which I swim. When I was in college, I took a job working for Apple as a Campus Representative. During my second year Apple flew all of the Campus Reps to the Cupertino campus for training. Cupertino was a strange, terrifying place. Everyone there lived very much in fear of Steve. No one ever joked, or even referenced, senior leadership. When some fellow reps made a skit which likely poked fun at Steve, they were threatened with expulsion from the program. All of the trainees watched, in a dark room a la the acolytes of Goldstein in the legendary 1984 Mac ad and with irony which apparently escaped Apple, a frankly cultish video about reproducing company culture. There was soft white light, ambient music, and Jonathan Ive speaking about how Apple was trying to make its stores seem like a church, a sacred space, where its followers would gather and share in the experience. But it also showed, to a degree that can never be sufficiently told, how much Jobs vision guided Apple. He was truly a visionary, not only in that he was farseeing, but because he took that vision and was uncompromising in manifesting it in reality. Steve Jobs personally approved the design of the receipts in Apple stores. Not so much as a single pixel passed through the Apple environment without his approval. Heres a story Vic Gundotra senior VP at Google wrote about Steves devotion to design: One Sunday morning, January 6th, 2008 I was attending religious services when my cell phone vibrated. As discreetly as possible, I checked the phone and noticed that my phone said Caller ID unknown. I choose to ignore. After services, as I was walking to my car with my family, I checked my cell phone messages. The message left was from Steve Jobs. Vic, can you call me at home? I have something urgent to discuss it said. Before I even reached my car, I called Steve Jobs back. I was responsible for all mobile applications at Google, and in that role, had regular dealings with Steve. It was one of the perks of the job. Hey Steve this is Vic, I said. Im sorry I didnt answer your call earlier. I was in religious services, and the caller ID said unknown, so I didnt pick up. Steve laughed. He said, Vic, unless the Caller ID said GOD, you should never pick up during services. I laughed nervously. After all, while it was customary for Steve to call during the week upset about something, it was unusual for him to call me on Sunday and ask me to call his home. I wondered what was so important? So Vic, we have an urgent issue, one that I need addressed right away. Ive already assigned someone from my team to help you, and I hope you can fix this tomorrow said Steve. Ive been looking at the Google logo on the iPhone and Im not happy with the icon. The second O in Google doesnt have the right yellow gradient. Its just wrong and Im going to have Greg fix it tomorrow. Is that okay with you? Of course this was okay with me. A few minutes later on that Sunday I received an email from Steve with the subject Icon Ambulance. The email directed me to work with Greg Christie to fix the icon. But in the end, when I think about leadership, passion and attention to detail, I think back to the call I received from Steve Jobs on a Sunday morning in January. It was a lesson Ill never forget. CEOs should care about details. Even shades of yellow. On a Sunday. Jobs was not without his faults. As I said earlier, the Apple environment could be cultish. He could, according to popular accounts and to others I knew at Apple, be a real jerk to employees in pursuit of his vision. He most certainly stabbed Apple cofounder Steve Wozniak in the back several times. To draw just one example from Rotten.coms biography of Woz: When Steve Jobs worked at Atari, the company was working on creating the arcade game Breakout, which required 80 Integrated Circuits (ICs). The less ICs there were, the cheaper the games would be to produce, so Nolan Bushnell (Ataris president) offered $100 for every IC that could be knocked out of the design. Jobs brought Woz the challenge, and over four days and nights at Atari they put together a design that only required 30 ICs. Bushnell gave Jobs his $5000 bonus, which Jobs split with Wozniak by telling him it was a $700 bonus, giving him half, or $350. Woz was delighted, but years later found out the truth. And cried. He quite publicly cut corporate charity from Apple entirely. The production conditions at Foxconn and elsewhere are terrible. In these respects, Jobs was perhaps no worse than any given industrial magnate. But thats an incredibly low bar to trip over, and he was certainly no better. The legacy of Jobs, however, will not be the terror he was as a boss, or the degree to which he hamstrung developers with capricious censorship in the App Store, or even the degree to which he was ruthless in his pursuit of production. It will be the fact that he possessed an unmatcheable unifying vision. It will be all of the times he saw what the market wanted before the market did. It will be the fact that his devotion to something as simple as a calligraphy class  completely changed the way people thought about user experience on personal computers. It will be the fact that for decades past and maybe decades to come Apple has consistently produced technologies that have changed the way the personal computing world works. It will be the recognition that user experience and a devotion, above all else, to good design, matter. And it will be his uncompromising to a fault dedication to making things that just work. Like it or not, Steve Jobs changed our world. Now he has left it. And I will miss him.

Steve and Me

Steve and Me I remember the first time I ever saw a computer. I was four, and my familys basement, which contained my fathers office, flooded during a terrible rain storm. My father, an electrical engineer who had swapped a soldering iron for a slim-cut suit and gotten into semiconductor sales, was wading around in the rising water, making sure that everything essential was stored on top of a tall cabinet out of harms way. The very first thing he put up there was his treasured Mac IIsi. Later, I would come to love that MacIIsi for its games. Shufflepuck Cafe, Oregon Trail, Stuntcopter. I think for a time there I thought my dad must play fun games for a living, because thats what the computer was clearly for. When I found out he used it for his job, I asked why. Because, he said, it just works. And it did work. And even today, more than 20 years later, it still does. Ive always been a Mac guy. I dont fall into the stereotype of the Apple fanboy. Neither does my dad, who is about as far as you can get from an artsy hipster farting around coffee shops and indie record stores. I always used Macs because, for me, they just worked. Granted, some of this was because I grew up on Macs, and so Ive always thought in Mac. I can make a Windows machine go, and I can bumble around a *nix system without breaking too much stuff. But on an Apple product, I find that I move about as skillfully and comfortably as if navigating my own kitchen. Its like a native language: its not so much about whether you know the vocabulary and syntax as much as you understand, intutitively, how it operates, the innate and unspoken cultural references and use patterns. To the extent that this is true and to the extent that Apple products, from my Macbook to my iPhone, are omnipresent in my life Steve Jobs was one of the most influential people in my life. Not because I knew him, or because I followed his dictums and philosophy. But because the technological environment in which I exist was created by him. If I were a fish, hed have provided much of the water in which I swim. When I was in college, I took a job working for Apple as a Campus Representative. During my second year Apple flew all of the Campus Reps to the Cupertino campus for training. Cupertino was a strange, terrifying place. Everyone there lived very much in fear of Steve. No one ever joked, or even referenced, senior leadership. When some fellow reps made a skit which likely poked fun at Steve, they were threatened with expulsion from the program. All of the trainees watched, in a dark room a la the acolytes of Goldstein in the legendary 1984 Mac ad and with irony which apparently escaped Apple, a frankly cultish video about reproducing company culture. There was soft white light, ambient music, and Jonathan Ive speaking about how Apple was trying to make its stores seem like a church, a sacred space, where its followers would gather and share in the experience. But it also showed, to a degree that can never be sufficiently told, how much Jobs vision guided Apple. He was truly a visionary, not only in that he was farseeing, but because he took that vision and was uncompromising in manifesting it in reality. Steve Jobs personally approved the design of the receipts in Apple stores. Not so much as a single pixel passed through the Apple environment without his approval. Heres a story Vic Gundotra senior VP at Google wrote about Steves devotion to design: One Sunday morning, January 6th, 2008 I was attending religious services when my cell phone vibrated. As discreetly as possible, I checked the phone and noticed that my phone said Caller ID unknown. I choose to ignore. After services, as I was walking to my car with my family, I checked my cell phone messages. The message left was from Steve Jobs. Vic, can you call me at home? I have something urgent to discuss it said. Before I even reached my car, I called Steve Jobs back. I was responsible for all mobile applications at Google, and in that role, had regular dealings with Steve. It was one of the perks of the job. Hey Steve this is Vic, I said. Im sorry I didnt answer your call earlier. I was in religious services, and the caller ID said unknown, so I didnt pick up. Steve laughed. He said, Vic, unless the Caller ID said GOD, you should never pick up during services. I laughed nervously. After all, while it was customary for Steve to call during the week upset about something, it was unusual for him to call me on Sunday and ask me to call his home. I wondered what was so important? So Vic, we have an urgent issue, one that I need addressed right away. Ive already assigned someone from my team to help you, and I hope you can fix this tomorrow said Steve. Ive been looking at the Google logo on the iPhone and Im not happy with the icon. The second O in Google doesnt have the right yellow gradient. Its just wrong and Im going to have Greg fix it tomorrow. Is that okay with you? Of course this was okay with me. A few minutes later on that Sunday I received an email from Steve with the subject Icon Ambulance. The email directed me to work with Greg Christie to fix the icon. But in the end, when I think about leadership, passion and attention to detail, I think back to the call I received from Steve Jobs on a Sunday morning in January. It was a lesson Ill never forget. CEOs should care about details. Even shades of yellow. On a Sunday. Jobs was not without his faults. As I said earlier, the Apple environment could be cultish. He could, according to popular accounts and to others I knew at Apple, be a real jerk to employees in pursuit of his vision. He most certainly stabbed Apple cofounder Steve Wozniak in the back several times. To draw just one example from Rotten.coms biography of Woz: When Steve Jobs worked at Atari, the company was working on creating the arcade game Breakout, which required 80 Integrated Circuits (ICs). The less ICs there were, the cheaper the games would be to produce, so Nolan Bushnell (Ataris president) offered $100 for every IC that could be knocked out of the design. Jobs brought Woz the challenge, and over four days and nights at Atari they put together a design that only required 30 ICs. Bushnell gave Jobs his $5000 bonus, which Jobs split with Wozniak by telling him it was a $700 bonus, giving him half, or $350. Woz was delighted, but years later found out the truth. And cried. He quite publicly cut corporate charity from Apple entirely. The production conditions at Foxconn and elsewhere are terrible. In these respects, Jobs was perhaps no worse than any given industrial magnate. But thats an incredibly low bar to trip over, and he was certainly no better. The legacy of Jobs, however, will not be the terror he was as a boss, or the degree to which he hamstrung developers with capricious censorship in the App Store, or even the degree to which he was ruthless in his pursuit of production. It will be the fact that he possessed an unmatcheable unifying vision. It will be all of the times he saw what the market wanted before the market did. It will be the fact that his devotion to something as simple as a calligraphy class  completely changed the way people thought about user experience on personal computers. It will be the fact that for decades past and maybe decades to come Apple has consistently produced technologies that have changed the way the personal computing world works. It will be the recognition that user experience and a devotion, above all else, to good design, matter. And it will be his uncompromising to a fault dedication to making things that just work. Like it or not, Steve Jobs changed our world. Now he has left it. And I will miss him.

Barbie Growing Pains as the American Girl Goes Global...

Xiao-Hu WANG April 8, 2011 4-page paper: Case study of Global Marketing Barbie: Growing Pains as the American Girl Goes Global 1. Describe Mattel’s global marketing strategy for Barbie and assess its success. Does management demonstrate that it understands and embraces the needs to â€Å"think global and act local†? Mattels success should be attributed to its representation of American culture, and its Curated Consumption of its products, for example: when parents buy a Barbie doll to the children, it is easily acceptable price position and start , but after purchase it, the parents are bound to face follow-up to buy other clothing products linked to the Barbie doll, thereby it is enable to expand business ; in the aspects of global†¦show more content†¦How important is culture in dictating children’s toy preferences? Will cultural differences result in failure for Mattel as the company faces new competitors in the Middle East? We think Mattel lost in the Middle East, not only because of marketing strategy factors, but also the differences between the cultural values and the region represented by their products which is too large, or even it’s inacceptable. According to the Mattel’s Barbie, when further American culture his product represents, in a situation where in the area of the Middle East has generally hostile to the United States, as well as the differences in religious belief, its cultural values representative product is much harder purchased by local consumers, which can obviously be proved that the culture has an important influence to the product and the Marketing. As the article mentioned, some people in the Middle East even regard the Barbie as the same level of bomb, they worry about these products would influence the children’s cultural values. People in the Middle East believe generally Koran; the scriptures teach the people diligence, honesty, etc†¦ in addition to Barbie’s blonde hair is out of tune with his body, the Cadillac’s car and handsome boyfriend with the suit and tie is more contrary to their concept of the Koran, could also foresee the resistance

The Main Features Of The Welfare State - 1638 Words

A welfare state is a system in which the government provides benefits and services to its citizens intended to improve their well being, by providing for the social and economic security of the population. (Jary and Jary, 1995) This essay will explore the key features of the Welfare State from 1945 to 1970, analysing how effective they were at combating the ‘five giants’. The Second World War had a large effect on society. The whole nation had experienced such a terrible and traumatic time. There seemed to be a shift in public and political aspirations and a strong sense of solidarity. (Giddens and Sutton, 2013) Many men and women had volunteered their time during the war and it was the general consensus that these individuals should have something that was worth fighting for. (Harris, 1997) In early 1941 a committee of Social Insurance was set up to survey workmen’s compensation and social insurance. (Harris, 1997) One member on this committee was Sir William Beveridge. Beveridge is considered to be the founding father of the welfare state (Lovell and Cordeaux, 2000) In December 1941 he circulated the Heads Of Scheme paper, this focused on the inadequacies of the social security system at that time. (Timmins, 1995) The paper began with a key statement. This statement declared that a national health service, full employment and allowances for children were required in order for social security to work. This scheme was universal maintaining that all citizens had equalShow MoreRelatedPublic Services Funded By Taxpayer Money908 Words   |  4 Pagesdistinguishes each one from each other. In this paper, I will go through each term and how each and everyone is different from each other. First of all Socialism is a system of society in which the means of production are owned and controlled by the state. It mostly relies on governmental planning, preferably than the marketplace, to spread resources. 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Act utilitarianism â€Å"states that we must ask ourselves what the consequences of a particular act in a particular situation will be for all those affected. If its consequences bring more net good than those of any alternative course of action, then this action is the right oneRead MoreDifferences Between Sweden And Denmark1257 Words   |  6 Pagesnation is comprised of only about 43,000 square kilometers. Matched with its small population size of approximately 5.6 million inhabitants (for comparison, roughly the population of the State of Colorado). Cultural homogeneity, and the universalistic structures and ideological presumptions of the Danish welfare state on the other, are central to understanding immigration and integration in Denmark. Much of the modern Danish cultural mindset can be explained by the teachings and influence of a popular

The Problem Of Drug Addiction - 930 Words

Eighth grade is a time of mere adolescence. It has been recorded that â€Å"by 8th grade 28% of adolescents have consumed alcohol, 15% have smoked cigarettes, and 16.5% have used marijuana. † A drug can be defined as a something which â€Å"alters your mind or body that is not food † which is something all of these substances have in common. There has been a massive increase in underage consumption of illegal substances in the last several decades. These substances which young people are using are known for being very addictive. Addiction is much more likely to occur when started at a young age and having more severe consequences. Throughout history, a plethora of cultures have contributed to this problem of addiction which can be seen within their historical roots. The collective perception that drugs could cure almost anything when used for medicinal purposes was a major ignition to the overall issue. As more and more countries began to desire these various drugs as they became more available, the use of drugs spread rapidly through what is known today as the global drug trade. Through expansion of familiar substances known as coffee, and opium during the earlier centuries, the concept of addiction has evolved into what our society has become today. Use of drugs or illegal substances has been a recurring theme over the past centuries. Coffee was one of many early addictions. Originally discovered in Yemen, coffee gradually becomes a favorite among the people. There were severalShow MoreRelatedThe Problem Of Drug Addiction1233 Words   |  5 PagesThis report will outline the problems of drug addiction that have arisen in the young teens and as well give possible solutions on how to overcome it. Drug addiction, increasing immensely in our society, is currently the biggest problem in young teens these days. Looking at the future of our country drowning in drugs is a big disappointment. 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There are different reason why people get addicted and various levels to which people become dependent on drugs, but the main thing I am going to be addressing is the multiple perspective on the causes for addiction. The ones I am going to explore are Low Income neighborhoods, social, financialRead MoreThe Problem Of Drug Addiction967 Words   |  4 PagesDrug addiction is an ever-growing problem faced in society and, although the government tries to take action to keep drugs off the streets, people of all social classes and backgrounds still fall victim to drug abuse. However, environmental situations can make an individual more susceptible: age, gender, location, genetics, family situations and the like can all be factors into an individuals’ drug habit. There are complications with picking the correct plan suited to a person. Each client is theirRead MoreThe Problem Of Drug Addiction1042 Words   |  5 PagesOPENING/ATTENTION: In reality, drug addiction is an unpredictable ailment, and stopping takes more than great goals or an in number will. Truth be told, because drugs change the mind in ways that cultivate compulsive drug misuse, stopping is troublesome, notwithstanding for the individuals why should prepared do as such The dependence on medications is a troublesome thing for any person to bargain with. Often, habit prompts the decay of a man s prosperity, budgetary security, and health. Drug addicts experienceRead MoreThe Problem Of Drug Addiction2110 Words   |  9 PagesMODEL(S) OF ADDICTION In going through the counseling process with Marge she was explained that there is the possibility that it could be a factor of genetics. When considering her background one has realized that she not only has an alcohol addiction, but it was the same for her father and her uncle, both of whom had lost their lives to the disease. In talking about the disease model with Marge she seemed to be more at ease with the situation and more willing to accept the fact that she does haveRead MoreThe Problem Of Drug Addiction Essay2435 Words   |  10 Pagesgoing to solve your problems? According to NIH, the death rate caused by usage of heroin has been increased by triple of its number in the past 10 years. The purpose is to treat people; especially teenagers understanding its negative consequences it has on them before they get addicted to it. When the addiction starts addicts have no idea that they would be so in to it that there is no possible way to stop. Addiction is a chronic, weakened disease characterized by compulsive drug-seeking and use despite

Ethics and Corporate Responsibility in the Workplace and the World free essay sample

Ethics and Corporate Responsibility in the Work Place and the World discusses one of the world’s most successful pharmaceutical companies that enjoys a reputation as a caring, ethical and well-run company which produces high-quality products that saves millions of lives and enhances the quality of life for millions of others. In this hypothetical scenario the following will be discussed. The stakeholders will be indentified. Analyze the ethics of PharmaCARE’s treatment of Colberia’s indigenous population and PharmaCARE’s rank-and-file workers versus that of its executives. Determine whether Allen could legally fire each of the three workers; Donna, Tom, and Ayesha. Suggest steps he should take to minimize the risks to his department and the company. Determine the whistle blowing opportunities, obligations, and protections that could benefit Allen. Assess PharmaCARE’s environmental initiative against the backdrop of its anti-environmental lobbying efforts and Colberian activities. Examine if this renders the company’s purported environmental stewardship better or worse and if the company’s public stance should carry an obligation to be a leader in environmental matters. Analyze the original purposes of and the changes to Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA). Determine which provision(s) of CERCLA apply to PharmaCARE in the scenario provided Stakeholders are those individuals and groups that have an investment, share, or interest in an organization. In this scenario that includes PharmaCARE, CompCARE a subsidiary of PharmaCARE, Wellco a large drugstore chain which purchased CompCARE, PharmaCARE’s management and investors, and the African nation of Colberia. Analyze the ethics of PharmaCARE’s treatment of the Colberia’s indigenous population and its rank-and-file workers versus that of its executives. PharmaCARE recently launched a new initiative, We CARE about YOUR world ®, pledging its commitment to the environment through recycling, packaging changes and other green initiatives. This is in complete contrast to the treatment of the Colberians  and the rank-and-file workers of PharmaCARE. Publicly PharmaCARE displays an ethical persona of a green corporation that CAREs about YOUR world. The first contradictory example is the extremely low wages provided to the population of the underdeveloped nation of Colberia of 1.00 a day, harvesting plants by walking five miles into and out of the jungle carrying baskets that, when full, weigh up to fifty pounds. The second contradictory example is the nonchalant deterioration of the Colberian environment. The third contradictory example is management’s choice to ignore the plight of the production technician’s unhealthy work environment with mold around the air vents. Only compounded by the fact that PharmaCARE’s executives live in a luxury compound, complete with a swimming pool, tennis courts, and a golf course. The internal situation is immoral, unethical and socially irresponsible in the treatment of the Colberian’s and rank-and-file worker’s of PharmaCARE in stark contrast to PharmaCAREs executives. Determine whether Allen could legally fire Donna, Tom, and Ayesha and suggest steps he should take to minimize the risks to his department and the company. Donna, who had a perfect attendance record, got so sick she could no longer come to work due to chronic bronchial problems and eventually filed for worker’s compensation. Most employment relationships are at-will meaning an employer may terminate an employee at any time with or without cause. One exception to this rule is that an employer may not terminate an employee for filing a workers compensation claim. This type of retaliation is unlawful because injured workers are entitled by statute to compensation (LaMance, 2012). Allen’s best supervisor, Tom, threatened to complain to OSHA about the air quality in the lab. This situation falls into the same category as Donnas’, where this type of retaliation is also unlawful. Employees have the right to report an employer without the fear of losing their jobs (LaMance, 2013). One of the techs, Ayesha, filed an EEOC complaint alleging she had not been promoted to supervisor because she was a Muslim. In fact, although Ayesha was a very good worker, Allen did not believe she had the management or people skills necessary to be a good supervisor. As with Donna and Tom, Ayesha cannot be fired due to the fact she has filed a complaint with the EEOC and this would be classified as a retaliatory discharge when an employer fires an employee because they filed  a complaint against the company (Rivera, 2013). The steps Allen should take to minimize the risks to his department and the company would be to engage Human Resources in each of the situations and make sure all incidents are documented. The documentation needs to show all efforts that have been made to correct all safety violations. Allen also needs to document all interviews and reviews of Ayesha’s work and make specific notes regarding work habits and skills or lack of certain skills to support why she was not promoted. Lastly, Allen should also correct the mold problem in the facility. By engaging Human Resources to aid in conflict resolution Allen is fulfilling the company’s obligations to the employee as well maintaining the necessary requirements to protect the organization. Determine the whistle blowing opportunities, obligations, and protections and how Allen would benefit. Since compounding pharmacies are not supposed to sell drugs in bulk for general use Allen has two opportunities to report CompCARE. First when CompCARE began advertising its services and the availability of AD23 to consumers and marketing the drug directly to hospitals, clinics, and physician offices. Second when CompCARE encouraged doctors to fax in lists of bogus patient names to get around this technicality. The manufacturing of drugs without the approval of the Federal Department of Agriculture is not only a violation but also a criminal act. Allen is obligated to provide assistance in the compilation of supporting evidence and must maintain the confidentiality of the case at all times. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act provides protection for whistleblowers who are employed in a publicly traded company such as a corporation like PharmaCARE from employer retaliation. There is no benefit for Allen to report CompCARE as his bonus would be in jeopardy as well as his position could very well be lost due to the company losing revenue from the illegal sales. Assess PharmaCARE’s environmental initiative against the backdrop of its anti-environmental lobbying efforts and Colberian activities. Examine if this renders the company’s purported environmental stewardship better or worse and if the company’s public stance should carry an obligation to be a leader in environmental matters. Even though PharmaCARE has some positive contributions with their charitable discounted and free drugs to low-income consumers and a foundation that sponsors healthcare educational programs and scholarships it has only been for show. They have proven to be hypocritical by literally stealing  Colebria’s indigenous cures without even compensating the people for their own natural discovery. PharmaCARE has created a reputation for having a positive impact on society and the environment. They have pledged to protect the environment through recycling, packaging changes and other green initiatives. However on the other hand, their lobbying efforts are actually trying to defeat environmental laws and regulations. PharmaCARE is engaging in a form of green marketing which is used to promote the perception that an organizations products, aims and policies are environmentally friendly, also known as greenwashing. Greenwashing efforts can range from changing the name or label of a product to evoke the natural environment on a product that contains harmful chemicals to multimillion dollar advertising campaigns portraying highly polluting energy companies as eco-friendly. They want to appear to be doing everything environmentally friendly and socially responsible. However, it’s all a parse in so much that they are exploiting the people of Colberia due to the low standard of living in Colberia. PharmaCARE’s activities in Colberia shine light on the fact that they only care as long as it doesn’t affect their profit margin. As the book states, â€Å"The real corporate responsibility of companies which claim to be responsible to not only focus on their own internal policies, but to also think about changing the rules of the game and creating a more level playing field which makes it possible for all firms to behave more responsibly.† (Halbert, T., Ingulli, E.) p. 221. PharmaCARE’s purported environmental stewardship has been rendered moot by their lack of care for the Colberian environment to their negligence of maintaining a healthy work environment in their production facilities. PharmaCARE does have an obligation to be a leader in environmental matters in so much that the company’s public stance has been that they are a leader in environmental matters. Analyze the original purpose of and the changes to Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA). Determine which provision(s) of CERCLA apply to PharmaCARE in the scenario provided. The original purpose of the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA) was to provide broad Federal authority to respond directly to releases or threatened releases of hazardous substances that may endanger the public health and the environment. The Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liabilities Act, commonly known as the Superfund  the fun, was enacted by Congress to collect a tax for cleaning up abandoned or uncontrolled hazardous waste sites. The Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA) amended the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) on October 17, 1986. SARA reflected EPAs experience in administering the complex Superfund program during its first six years and made several important changes and additions to the program. SARA stressed the importance of permanent remedies and innovative treatment technologies in cleaning up hazardous waste sites. Required Superfund actions to consider the standards and requirements found in other State and Federal environmental laws and regulations. Provided new enforcement authorities and settlement tools and increased State involvement in every phase of the Superfund program. Increased the focus on human health problems posed by hazardous waste sites, encouraged greater citizen participation in making decisions on how sites should be cleaned up and increased the size of the trust fund to $8.5 billion. Since the origination of the Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act its authority has extended to include violations that would affect or that may eventually affect the public’s health and welfare of humans. The Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act also enabled the revision the National Contingency Plan. The National Contingency Plan provides the guidelines and procedures needed on how to respond to releases or threatened releases of hazardous substances, pollutants, or contaminants. The National Contingency Plan also created the National Priorities List. The National Priorities List is a guide for the Environmental Protections Agency on how to establish whether or not a release or intended release of chemicals needs further investigation. Under the Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act it could be stretched to say that PharmaCARE has violated the provision of endangering the public. The public health was violated when manufactured drugs were offered to the public which had not been approved by the Federal Drug Administration. This is made clear by the individuals who have taken the drugs, have become ill and have had heart attacks. Secondly, CompCARE was selling to individuals on a prescription basis which clearly violates the nature of a compounding pharmacy where products are made specifically for that individual utilizing the medication. PharmaCARE has made false  claims and marketed drugs illegally to individuals, hospitals, clinics and doctors’ which can also be inferred to have caused a public hazard.

11 Memorial

Arads Vision for the National 9/11 Memorial Rebuilding anything is hard work. Nearly two years after the 9-11 terrorist attacks, New York developers announced a challenge - design a memorial for a shocked and grieving nation. Anyone could enter the competition. Entries poured in from architects, artists, students, and other creative people around the world. A panel of 13 judges reviewed 5,201 proposals. It took six months to select the designs of eight finalists. Behind closed doors, one of the judges, Maya Lin, praised a simple memorial originally titled Reflecting Absence. The 34-year-old  architect, Michael Arad, had never built anything larger than a police station. Yet submission 790532, Arads model for the memorial, stayed in the hearts and minds of the judges. Michael Arads Vision Michael Arad had served in the Israeli Army, studied at Dartmouth College and Georgia Tech, and eventually settled in New York. On September 11, 2001, he stood on the roof of his Manhattan apartment building and watched the second plane strike the World Trade Center. Haunted, Arad began sketching plans for a memorial long before the Lower Manhattan Development Corporation (LMDC) launched their competition. Arads concept for Reflecting Absence featured two 30-foot deep voids, symbolizing the absence of the fallen Twin Towers. Ramps would lead down to underground galleries where visitors could stroll past cascading waterfalls and pause at the plaques engraved with the names of those who died. Arads design was truly three-dimensional, with subterranean features as pronounced as those at street level. The design, Arad later told Places magazine, drew inspiration from the simple, sculptural work of architects Louis Kahn, Tadao Ando, and Peter Zumthor. Although the judges admired Michael Arads entry, they felt that it needed more work. They encouraged Arad to join forces with California landscape architect Peter Walker. By all reports, the partnership was rocky. However, in the spring of 2004 the team unveiled an expanded plan that incorporated a scenic plaza with trees and walkways. Trouble Looms for the 9/11 Memorial Critics responded to the 9/11 Memorial plans with mixed reviews. Some called Reflecting Absence moving and healing. Others said that the waterfalls were impractical and the deep pits hazardous. Still others protested the idea of memorializing the dead in a space located underground. To make matters worse, Michael Arad butted heads with architects in charge of the New York reconstruction projects. Daniel Libeskind, master planner for the World Trade Center site, said that Reflecting Absence did not harmonize with his own Memory Foundations design vision. The architects chosen for the underground National 9/11 Museum, J. Max Bond, Jr. and others from the Davis Brody Bond architecture firm, came on board and tweaked Arads subsurface memorial design - apparently against Arads wishes. After stormy meetings and construction delays, cost estimates for the memorial and the museum soared to nearly $1 billion. In May 2006, New York Magazine reported that Arads memorial teeters on the brink of collapse. Michael Arads Dream Triumphs The World Trade Center towers (the  skyscrapers) and the Transportation Hub are the business end of what is built at Ground Zero in Lower Manhattan. Early on, however, politicians, historians, and community leaders knew that a good part of the real estate had to be dedicated to the people affected by the terrorist tragedy. This meant a memorial and museum within one of the largest spaces set aside for redevelopment. Who was involved? Architects of the underground museum (Davis Brody Bond); architects of the aboveground pavilion entrance to the museum (Snà ¸hetta); architect of the memorial (Arad); landscape architect for the memorial / museum plaza area (Walker); and the architect of the Master Plan (Libeskind). Compromise is the cornerstone of every great project. Like Libeskinds dramatically altered Vertical World Garden, Reflecting Absence saw many transformations. Its now known as the National September 11 Memorial. The names of those who died areinscribed on the bronze parapet on the plaza level, instead of in underground galleries. Many other features that Arad wanted have been modified or eliminated. Still, his core vision - deep voids and rushing water - remains intact. Architects Michael Arad and Peter Walker worked with a water architect and many engineers to construct the enormous waterfalls. Family members or victims remained actively involved as they deliberated over the arrangement of the engraved names. On September 11, 2011, ten years after the terrorist attack on the World Trade Center, a formal dedication ceremony marked the completion of the National 9/11 Memorial. The underground museum by Davis Brody Bond and the aboveground atrium pavilion by Snà ¸hetta opened in May 2014. Together, all of the architectural elements are known as the National September 11 Memorial Museum. The Memorial by Arad and Walker is an open park space, free to the public. The underground museum, includingthe infamous slurry wall that holds back the Hudson River, is open for a fee. The September 11 memorial site is designed to honor the nearly 3,000 people who were killed in New York, Pennsylvania, and at the Pentagon on September 11, 2001, and also the six people who died when terrorists bombed the New York World Trade Center on February 26, 1993. More generally, the National 9/11 Memorial speaks out against terrorism everywhere and offers a promise of renewal. Who Is Michael Arad? Michael Sahar Arad was one of six recipients of the Young Architects Award given by the American Institute of Architects (AIA) in 2006. By 2012 Arad was one of fifteen Architects of Healing receiving a special AIA medal for his Reflecting Absence design of the National 9/11 Memorial in New York City. Arad was born in Israel, 1969, and served in the Israeli Military from 1989 to 1991. He arrived in the US in 1991 to go to school, earning a BA in Government from Dartmouth College (1994) and a Masters in Architecture from Georgia Institute of Technology (1999). He signed on with Kohn Pedersen Fox Associates (KPF) from 1999 to 2002, and after 9-11 worked for the New York City Housing Authority from 2002 to 2004. Since 2004 Arads been a partner at Handel Architects LLP. In the Words of Michael Arad Im proud to be an American. I was not born in this country, nor was I born to American parents. Becoming an American was something I chose to do, and Im so grateful for that privilege because I love the values of this country and Im grateful for the opportunities this country has given me first as a student and then as an architect. America epitomizes for me liberty and equality, tolerance and a belief in shared sacrifices. It is a noble social experiment that depends on every generations engagement and belief in it. The design of the Memorial of the World Trade Center is a physical manifestation of these values and beliefs. It is a design formed by my experiences in New York in the aftermath of the attacks, where I witnessed the remarkable response of the City as a community, united in its most trying hour; united in compassion and courage, determined and stoic. The public spaces of the City - places like Union Square and Washington Square - were the sites where this incredible civic response took shape, and, in fact, it could not have taken shape without them. These public spaces informed and gave shape to the response of its citizens and their design is open democratic forms reflect our shared values and beliefs in a civic and democratic society based on freedom, liberty, and yet even the individual pursuit of happiness what else is a pursuit of solace in the face of grief. Public spaces form our shared responses and our understanding of ourselves and our place within society, not as spectators, but as participants, as engaged citizens, as a community of people united by a shared destiny. What better way to respond to that attack and to honor the memory of those who perished than to construct another vessel for that community, another public space, a new forum, a place that affirms our values and imparts them to us and to future generations. It has been a remarkable privilege and responsibility to be part of this effort. I am humbled and honored to be part of it, and I am grateful for the recognition this award bestows on the efforts of my colleagues and myself. Thank you very much. - Architects of Healing Ceremony, American Institute of Architects, May 19, 2012, Washington, D.C. Sources for This Article: Reflecting Absence, commentary by Michael Arad from Places magazine, May 2009 (at http://places.designobserver.com/media/pdf/Reflecting_Abs_1162.pdf)The Breaking of Michael Arad, New York magazineCost and Safety Put Memorials Striking Vision at Risk, New York TimesReflecting Absence: Exploring The 9/11 Memorial, Huffington Post9/11 Memorial Nears Completion, Ending Complicated, Contentious Process at old.gothamgazette.com/article/arts/20110714/1/3565, Gotham GazetteIroning Out Where to Purpose 9/11†²s Iconic Steel Cross, New York Observer9/11 Memorial Official SiteLower Manhattan Development Corporation (LMDC) at www.lowermanhattan.info/construction/project_updates/world_trade_center_memorial_93699.aspxThe Port Authority website at www.panynj.gov/wtcprogress/memorial-museum.htmlLower Manhattan Construction Command Center Project Update at lowermanhattan.info/construction/project_updates/world_trade_center_memorial_93699.aspx

Psychological Properties of Colors

Psychological Properties of Colors Introduction Many books and articles have been aimed at examining the psychology of color, but not all of them are of high quality. This paper will review the article Psychological Properties of Colors written by Angela Wright (2011). Overall, it is hardly appropriate for students or scholars, because the author does not provide any evidence to support her claims. Moreover, many of the writer’s statements are not even testable.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Psychological Properties of Colors specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Relevance The information presented by the author cannot be of any use to a person who studies psychology. The author uses concepts and makes statements that cannot be considered scientific or even testable. For instance, the writer says, â€Å"Blue is the colour of the mind and is essentially soothing; it affects us mentally, rather than the physical reaction we have to redâ €  (Wright, 2011, unpaged). The article is full of such sentences, and one cannot say that they are psychological statements that identify relationships between causes and effects. Thus, they are not relevant to any particular field. Expertise of the author The article does not provide information about the educational background of Angela Wright. In contrast, peer-reviewed studies usually tell the readers much more about the authors (Martinez Peterson, 2008, p. 78). I learned that she studies psychoanalytical psychology and later began research on unconscious effects of color (Scanlan, 2011, p. 255). Viewpoint of Author/Organization Intended Audience Angela Wright (2011) supports an idea that the use of color can reflect the inner world of a person. For instance, she argues that grey color can be associated with depression or lack of confidence (Wright, 2011, unpaged). Yet, psychologists are usually very cautious when they discuss the connections between color and personality b ecause it is difficult to prove such connections empirically (Picard Lebaz 2011, p. 187). For instance, in their study Delphine Picard and Samuel Lebaz (2011) report that only continuous use of dark colors during free drawing can be linked to a negative emotional state (p. 187). However, in most cases, there is no evidence to say that colors can reflect personality. Thus, Angela Wright’s views are not always supported by researchers. Additionally, this article is intended for people who do not know very much about the peculiarities of color perception. One can also assume that these readers do not study this question at a professional level.Advertising Looking for critical writing on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Evidence Probably, the most significant limitation is the lack of evidence. The writer does not provide any empirical evidence showing that color can be associated with a specific mood, personality type, or emotions. The author does not refer to any studies that can help readers verify the information presented in the article. Thus, Angela Wright does not back up any of her claims. This is the critical drawback of this article. When published It has to be admitted that this article has been published fairly recently, namely in 2011. However, the limitations that have already been identified completely invalidate the ideas that Angela Wright expresses. Reference List Martinez, D. Peterson, T. (2008). Kaplan Technical Writing: A Resource for  Technical Writers at All Levels. New York: Kaplan Publishing. Picard, D., Lebaz, S. (2010). Symbolic use of size and color in freehand drawing of the tree: myth or reality?. Journal Of Personality Assessment, 92(2), 186-188. Scanlan, N. (2011). Complementary Medicine for Veterinary Technicians and  Nurses. London: John Wiley Sons. Wright, A. (2011). Psychological Properties of Colors. Retrieved from: colour-affects.co.uk /psychological-properties-of-colours

Spss work and analysis Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Spss work and analysis - Coursework Example The complete data is fed through MS Excel and converted to SPSS 16.0. Suitable tables are presented depicting the influence of each variable on unemployment. Regression Analysis: The regression is measure of functional relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variable(s). Here in this study, we consider the unemployment as dependent variable and the other variables such as real GDP, Net Export, investment and consumption as independent variables individually since the unemployment depends on all the other influencing and independent variables. The data is analyzed through SPSS 16.0 package and the procedure adopted is linear regression with all the independent variables taken individually. The real values are itself considered instead of log or ln of the variables since they showed more significant correlations better than that of log or ln of the variables and also many values are missing for log or ln of the variable Net Export since the original values are negative. The data is secondary data collected through internet from the year 1995 to year 2010 for 16 years for each quarter (totally 64 values). Table 1: Table representing the descriptive statistics of the variables under study Descriptive Statistics Variable Descriptives Value Std. Error unemployment Mean 1810.4688 45.87412 95% Confidence Interval for Mean Lower Bound 1718.7966 Upper Bound 1902.1409 Median 1675.5000 Variance 134683.840 Std. Deviation 366.99297 Minimum 1392.00 Maximum 2485.00 Range 1093.00 Skewness 0.748 0.299 Kurtosis -0.953 0.590 real GDP Mean 298521.3906 4084.62665 95% Confidence Interval for Mean Lower Bound 290358.9156 Upper Bound 306683.8657 Median 302297.0000 Variance 1067787189.480 Std. Deviation 32677.01317 Minimum 238611.00 Maximum 344809.00 Range 106198.00 Skewness -0.350 0.299 Kurtosis -1.189 0.590 Net Export Mean -5819.9062 657.69968 95% Confidence Interval for Mean Lower Bound -7134.2142 Upper Bound -4505.5983 Median -7470.0000 Variance 2768440 7.991 Std. Deviation 5261.59748 Minimum -13985.00 Maximum 4492.00 Range 18477.00 Skewness 0.596 0.299 Kurtosis -0.925 0.590 Investment Mean 28364.5781 665.84459 95% Confidence Interval for Mean Lower Bound 27033.9939 Upper Bound 29695.1624 Median 28858.0000 Variance 28374337.486 Std. Deviation 5326.75675 Minimum 17033.00 Maximum 45721.00 Range 28688.00 Skewness 0.090 0.299 Kurtosis 1.095 0.590 Consumption Mean 182284.2812 2985.04017 95% Confidence Interval for Mean Lower Bound 176319.1545 Upper Bound 188249.4080 Median 187349.5000 Variance 570269748.809 Std. Deviation 23880.32137 Minimum 137588.00 Maximum 213214.00 Range 75626.00 Skewness -0.468 0.299 Kurtosis -1.208 0.590 Table 2: Table representing regression analysis Independent variables real GDP Net Export Investment Consumption R 0.306 0.493 0.515 0.306 R2 0.094 0.243 0.265 0.093 Adj R2 0.079 0.231 0.253 0.079 Standard Error of the estimate 352.16 321.89 317.11 352.24 F 6.42* 19.89** 22.381** 6.39 Significance of F 0.014* 0.00 0** 0.000 0.014* Constant 2837.493** 2010.53** 2816.90** 2666.74** Regression coefficient -0.03* 0.034** -0.035** -0.005* Interpretation: From the above regression output, it is concluded that real GDP has a significant influence on unemployment (with probability

Innovation, Creativity and Enterprise in Markets Essay

Innovation, Creativity and Enterprise in Markets - Essay Example The industry that has been selected for fulfilling the objective of this study report is that of the universities in the UK. The report will be composite of the selected university analysis so that the relevance of the selected study can be established. The most essential sector of the report will be composite of evaluating the various approaches being followed in the UK universities for the effective utilisation of the concept of innovation, creativity and enterprise. The report, at the end, will draw up essential conclusion regarding the key issues being identified from the entire survey with respect to the concepts. 2. Industry Analysis The industry consisting of the various universities in the UK offers the most valuable services to the people not only within the local region but also to the people all around the world. The UK universities are open to students coming from all around the world with the required skills and potentials demanded by the universities. The industry playe rs or the number of universities in the UK are all concentrated on providing quality education to the students with proper assurance and dignity. The universities conduct routine analysis of the various courses that they offer so as to making sure that the form of education that they offer are up-to-date and essential for the betterment of the students. The UK is considered to be holding the most capacity to attract international students among the western countries of the world. Although seven European countries have been identified to be placing stiff competition to the UK’s position, the extremely competitive advantageous position of the UK with respect to providing education to the international students have assisted this country to remain at the topmost position. Autonomy, funding, staffing of international students and assistance of the funding council are the four most advantages of the universities in the UK (Becker & Et. Al., 2009). However, in the future, the compe tition within the UK universities will increase since the recession has put a triggering blow upon the people striving for application for achieving degree from the UK universities. During September 2009, 465,000 people had applied for the acquisition of degree (Curtis, 2009). 3. UK Universities- Innovation, Creativity and Enterprise Innovation, creativity and enterprise are the traits that the European countries like that of the UK aim to foster among the people. The universities have been evaluated to be the best source through which these traits can be injected into the students or the prospective future entrepreneurs. The UK universities follow a number of principles, practices and processes for creating the entrepreneurial mindsets among the students. In this section of the report, the analysis of those principles, processes and practices will be undertaken so as to evaluate their effectiveness. The various noteworthy universities in the UK have adopted the process of innovativ e learning through creative thinking in order to develop upon the characteristics of an entrepreneur among their students. The practices undertaken within the universities are composed of various policies and guidelines for carrying out innovation management and enterprise skill development among others. The practices handle the several societal, economical, entrepreneurial and managerial

Determining Validity of Research Framework

Determining Validity of Research Framework CHAPTER SEVEN FRAMEWORK VALIDATION 7.1  Introduction This chapter focuses on the evaluation and validation of the framework. The research validity and method deployed to maximise the validity will be discussed in the first part of this chapter. Also, the eternal framework validity will then be discussed.   The second part of this chapter will analyse and discuss the results obtained from the evaluation of the framework.  Ã‚   The framework evaluation has been carried out by academics and experts practitioners and has measured the suitability and effectiveness of the framework in the construction sector. 7.2 Validity The validation process started at the first stage of the research,   making sure that the research participants, measuring instruments and context were exclusively accomplishing the research aim.   A number of writers have contended that validity cannot be applied to qualitative research. At the same time, have understood the need for some qualifying check or measure for their research (Golafshani 2003). Clearly there are no direct tests validating qualitative research; however, this does not imply that there are no guidelines (Patton 1990). Through the stages of this research, the effort has been made to guarantee that: (1) the measuring instrument is measuring the concept being referred to and no other concepts; and (2) there is an accurate measurement of the concept (Bailey 1994). The measuring instruments used in the interview method were the interview questions; also the method used in analysing the data collected and building the framework. Therefore, it was important to en sure that all research propositions were clear and effectively measured. Also, the method of analysis required the provision of right inferences. Qualitative research has often been portrayed by flexibility and uncertainty, and tension between creativity and rigour. Therefore at the interview analysis and the stages of framework building,   a critical compromise was carefully considered (Pyett 2003). The analysis of interviews engaged a deductive process whereby the author was his most trenchant critic (Cook and Campbell 1976, p: 229).   This is known as internal validity.   However, in this study, an open viewpoint of validity was used whereby different techniques enhanced the analysis and understanding of the practice of knowledge capture and retrieval and prompted more reliable and valid development of the framework (Golafshani 2003). These methods included: An in-depth revision of the instruments used for data collection and the method of analysis Carrying out a peer review of interviews themes and methods of analysis Carrying out a pilot study; assessing the language of the questions; definitions and terms; clarity of the purpose of questions for interview Construct a descriptive and relational framework for the interview analysis to make sure there is the consistency of analysis criteria and accurate interpretation and inferences. 7.3 External Validity Developing a   framework for the capture and retrieval of WLC knowledge in a construction project is based on a small number of cases, and does not mean this framework can be suitable and effective to other construction organisations practising WLC in the construction sector. However, researchers are also interested in the generalisation of the findings beyond the investigated cases (Schwab 1999). The justification for carrying out an in-depth interview is that people involved in a matured practice have knowledge that would somehow or another not be accessible to the researcher. Therefore, it is the quality of the understanding that is vital, instead of the number of respondents who share it (Wainwright 1997). While researching a few cases may accomplish excellent validity by giving a significant understanding of the practice in those cases; they have been broadly criticised as lacking external validity (De Vaus 2001). The generalising of findings to or across a target population sample is known as external validity (Pedhazur and Schmelkin 1991).   There are no efficient or verifiable methods to carry out external validation based solely on a   single examination of a research relationship (Schwab 1999). However, a definitive way to assess the validity of the proposed framework is to test such principles in reality, yet within research practice, this is rarely conceivable (Pyett 2003). Framework testing by the application method,   it could take quite a while before the reasonable judgment of the framework validity could be reached. Regardless of the possibility that this was to take a short time, there would be a need to access to a huge sample (representing the industry) and the framework implementation in this sector. However, in this particular case, this was viewed difficult.   Nevertheless, a few other methods were able to amplify the framework validity in this study as outlined: Select example case studies organisations (of current and best practices) from the target population in the interview stage. The pilot study provided a solid ground for understanding the current practice of KM; and therefore it was utilised as guiding principles in using the best practice to suit the industry, which boosted the generalising or external framework validity. Looking for the evaluations of the suitability and effectiveness of the framework in the construction sector by experts practitioners and academics. 7.4 Framework evaluation Testing the general framework feasibility by applying it to a large number of organisations representing the construction sector have been difficult in this research.   The framework evaluation by experts was viewed as another alternative for evaluation.   in fact, this method was deemed as appropriate with regards to risk,   finance and value. Assuming that 100 randomly selected organisations are a representative sample and the resources required are accessible in those organisations,   it would take six months for the testing and implementation of the framework (practically it would take years). However what if the framework did not work?   This would mean lost time of 600 months (100 organisation X 6 months) and therefore significant effort.   Therefore, in this case, the evaluation method by experts could be deemed the most appropriate method even though the   generalise by implement method was deemed possible. The reason for the evaluation method accordingly was not to anticipate that the framework was suitable for the organisation of the participated experts;   to obtain the experts evaluation in regards to the frameworks suitability in the industry.   The suitability of the framework was not seen adequate however because the suitable framework did not necessary means it would add value. Therefore, effectiveness was another criterion the evaluation sought to answer. 7.4.1 Participants Justification Based on their experience,   the suitability and the effectiveness of the framework can be judged by experts by using the right tool techniques, required resources and methods. The time and effort required for the framework implementation can also be estimated and matched with the current practice. The participants involved in the framework evaluation is made up of two groups of experts:   academic and practitioners. The practitioners are involved with   WLC practice in the construction project and therefore have a better understanding of the daily work. Also, their participation in a project which requires WLC practice means they can work with other organisation who practice WLC in the construction sector and can understand the verity of work environments. Also, academics are expected to have a deep understanding of different methodological viewpoints, as they know about observation and analysis.   Further,   the academics rely greatly on the construction industry as a major source of information,   so does not imply that they will be isolated. Also, many academics are involved in the practice. Sample A total number of sixteen experts were divided equally between the academics and the practitioner who participated in the framework evaluation. The participants year of experience ranges from eight to thirty-eight years, accounting for the total of three hundred and thirteen years of experience. The eight practitioners were from the three case study organisations who participated in the pilot and main interview of the study. The focus on practitioners was on those in the field with experience in WLC practice because they had an in-depth understanding of the WLC practice. Also,   participating academics were from four universities in the UK, working in the built environment and information and knowledge management departments. Experts Job title Year of experience Practitioners Organisation A Project Manager 35 Quantity Surveyor 20 Building Surveyor 7 Organisation B Quantity Surveyor 6 Project Manager 33 Organisation C Cost   Estimator 15 Project Manager 27 Construction Manager 7 Academics Senior Lecturer 12 Senior Lecturer 30 Lecturer 6 Lecturer 7 Lecturer 25 Lecturer 25 Reader 31 Reader 21 Table 7.1: Characteristics of participating experts in the framework evaluation Because the framework evaluation required a seminar presentation,   this process was thought to be long, and it was expected a low rate of response. Therefore, it was decided to reach the target of participants by sending invites to a member of staff with the three case study organisations.   The total number invitations forwarded was 300 of which 120 were sent to academics; and 180 to the three case study organisations. 7.4.2 Method of Evaluation Emails was used a tool to invite experts and included; An overview of the research project Request to participate in the evaluation of the framework for the purpose of validity Request on the best times which suits each of the case study organisation for a 40mins seminar presentation The framework was presented to each case study organisation using   Microsoft Office PowerPoint 2007.   The presentation was interactive in which participants lessened the explanation; while diagram parts were moved in each presentation slides accordingly.   The seminar presentation was arranged into ten slides which took a narrative sequence of logic since it began by clarifying the parts of the framework independently and afterwards presented the strategic framework. Figure 7.1: A screenshot of the PowerPoint presentation The questionnaire was designed and hosted using the online service provider: Survey Monkey and consisted of two parts. Firstly, details about participants including name, organisation, job title, business and size of the organisation. secondly,   the framework evaluation and this was   included in   two sections Score based questions to the rate the suitability and effectiveness of the developed framework Seeking the opinions of the participants about the advantages, limitations and ways of improving the framework. It was decided to present the framework diagrammatically showing the strategic, tactical and operational levels.  Ã‚   The presentation gave a more in-depth description; however diagrams were sent to four research students to assess their readability, and the outcomes affirmed that such diagrams could convey the concept and details of the framework if the reader had extensive experience in construction management. One of the research students who took part in the pilot study was a medical doctor, dissociated from the construction industry, who found the framework unreadable, Although he has a good understanding of the major concept. Respondents were also sent an attachment of the presentations slides via email. 7.5  Results 7.5.1  Suitability of framework Participants were being asked to show their rating for suitability for each of the components of the framework; where 1 implied unsuitable and 5 suitable. The answer from the analysis uncovered that the levels of suitability for all approaches were considered far above the ground. As shown in Table 7.2,   3.74 out of 5 is the lowest mean value for the architecture of the knowledge base. Although it is not indicated in the value that the architecture of knowledge base is a 100% suitable, rather, it shows that it is likely going to be more suitable than unsuitable. The circumstance with regards to knowledge capture, retrieval and structure approach much better as they all have a score of   4 out of 5.   The skewness measure has a negative value which shows   that the mass of distribution concentrates on the side of suitable. Knowledge Capture Knowledge retrieval Knowledge Structure Architecture of Knowledge Base N Valid 16 16 16 16 Missing 0 0 0 0 Mean   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   3.9375 4.0625 4.0000 3.7500 Std. Deviation   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   .85391 .85391 .89443 1.00000 Skewness   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   -.605 -.863 -.639 -.343 Table 7.2: Suitability of the framework components Figure 7.2 shows that the majority of the participants gave a 4 or 5 rating of the suitability of all the framework components. With regards to the architecture of the knowledge base, the suitability was rated under 3 by two participants (i.e. 2). The normal curve illustrates that the approximation of the average of all components almost falls in the 4 rate of suitability. All the indications provide evidence that those components are suitable for the construction organisations. 7.5.2  Effectiveness of framework Participants were being asked to show their rating for effectiveness for each of the components of the framework; where 1 implied to be ineffective and 5 effective. The mean value of effectiveness for all components as shown is (Table 7.3) are above 3.75 and ranges between 3.87 and 4.18. The skewness measure has a negative value which shows that the mass of the distribution is concentrated on the side of effectiveness. Knowledge Capture Knowledge Retrieval Knowledge Structure Architecture of Knowledge Base N Valid 16 16 15 16 Missing 0 0 1 0 Mean 4.0625 4.18750 3.9333 3.8750 Std. Deviation .85391 .910586 .79881 1.02470 Skewness -.863 -1.019 -.842 -.571 Table 7.3: Effectiveness of the framework components As shown on the histograms shown in Figure 7.3 shows that the majority of experts participants evaluated all components to a score 4 or 5 rates of effectiveness. Knowledge retrieval thus turns out slightly more effective than the other framework components. The normal curve makes it clear the approximation of the average rate of all components which almost lies in the 4 rate of effectiveness. All the indicators together provide evidence that those components will be effective when implemented. 7.5.3  The Entire Framework Suitability Experts participants were asked to indicate their rate of suitability for the entire framework using the same criteria as mentioned above. As shown in Table 7.4, the mean value of suitability (3.93) and the negative value of the skewness measure provide an encouraging indication for the external validity. In Figure 7.5,   the pie chart shows that the majority of experts participants (62%) rate the suitability 4 out of 5; and the vast majority (81.3%) are either giving the framework a rate of 5 or 4. Furthermore, the histogram in Figure 7.4 shows that only one expert gave a rating of suitability under 3 (i.e. 2). Therefore, the indications of suitability are positive and show that this framework is considered suitable. The Entire Framework Suitability N Valid 16 Missing 0 Mean   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   3.9375 Std. Deviation   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   .77190 Skewness   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   -.881 Table 7.4: The entire framework suitability 7.5.4  Effectiveness of the Entire Framework Expert participants were asked to indicate their rate of effectiveness for the entire framework using the same criteria as mentioned above. The mean value (4) and the skewness measure value (negative) which shows that the framework is evaluated to be effective as shown in Table 7.5. A third of the experts participant shows a full mark of effectiveness, and 40% scored the framework a rate of 4 for effectiveness as shown in Figure 7.7. However, as shown in Figure 7.6, three experts rate it a 3 and one a 2. Nonetheless, the normal curve is pointing to an approximation of effectiveness at the rate of 4. Indications show that the framework is effective. Effectiveness of the Entire Framework N Valid 15 Missing 1 Mean 4.0000 Std. Deviation .92582 Skewness -.623 Table 7.5: Effectiveness of the entire framework. 7.5.5  Experts Opinion about the Framework The expert participants were requested to express their opinion about the framework regarding suitability, effectiveness, advantages and limitations. This could give additional assessment not covered in the closed-ended questions. Twelve of the feedbacks were received and had been listed below: It looks good to me. The problem is getting it work in practice. Great model and l like it, particularly the knowledge forms and the categorisation. This will help save time when searching for knowledge I think the overall seminar presentation was good and it covered a lot of the things we do not consider as worth pointing out in our day to day project delivery implementation. It is very hard to make a judgment on these key issues just on the presentation. However, I am quite inspired by the approach to knowledge capture. Although the presentation is great, however, the information, it provides is insufficient. It seems very general. The framework works well in suitability and effectiveness; and in use of collaboration tools, intranet tools with knowledge management within organisations. It is essential for a large organisation that staff can find and utilise answers as well as gaining access to the subject matter, experts and sharing information on similar projects and programmes. The advantages are that knowledge is shared rather than lost or protected by individuals. The saying that knowledge is power is true of individuals; However in organisations that are able and willing to capture knowledge and share this with the wider team rather than isolating it with individual project members. The framework is suitable and effective in many areas and an insightful and logical structure. There is some duplication, but that would seem to be unavoidable. Leadership support is important, with top-bottom commitment. Co-operation/sharing is not always a natural inclination in individuals. The framework seems to be highly advanced and would require an IT   system to enhance its processes and to encourage people to use it. If all members of the organisation are contributing positively to the framework; and most of them have the ability to capture, retrieve, and then re-use the captured knowledge, then the system will be for sure highly effective. In reality, I think we share the knowledge sometimes, but even when we do so, we do not document or capture them properly. As a result, we lose whatever we have shared as we cannot capture, structure and re-use all the knowledge captured by only relying on our brain capabilities. We as practitioners need such a framework to assist us to have a better understanding of the knowledge so we can use it appropriately. From an overall point of view, I admire you for this excellent presentation, and it was informative and well structured. We have learned a lot from this insightful presentation about knowledge management. There is no doubt that this framework is needed for business success. Although the framework appears to be complicated on its operational side; I am certain that if the   KM operation depends on this model, the result will be relevant and highly efficient. The framework makes sense from a project management perspective. However, knowledge capture and retrieval are complex and resource intensive activities and can be onerous to the project team if proper incentives are not aligned with the leaderships expectation of knowledge sharing. I think if your framework is properly applied, it will be extremely effective. Also, it is highly suitable. Regarding its advantages, I think it is simple to read and understand by any person who has a basic level of knowledge management and its management. The issues mentioned in the comments can be grouped into four categories: Firstly, those which highlight the role of knowledge capture and retrieval. Secondly, those who stress the importance and need for such a framework, due to the awareness of the problem, and thus confirm the motives for this research. Thirdly, indications that the framework may require a huge effort and construction projects already involved in demanding work. This issue has been discussed in the statement of the problem (section 1.4) whereby the problem lies on the capture and not the retrieval side. To minimise the problem, the project review was adopted as the main technique for knowledge capture which already exists in projects, rather than introducing a new approach. Additionally, the daily based reviews were rejected in this research for the same reason. Furthermore, a strategy for motivation has been pinpointed in the framework to ensure the application of knowledge capture. Fourthly and most importantly, a suitable and effective framework will also require careful application and effort. This has been said by several experts, and therefore considered a critical point, because the good theory does not necessary guarantee successful application. Finally, an expert described the framework to be very general. As aIn fact the framework is considering a particular area to investigate, related to knowledge capture and retrieval of project management processes, in the context of the project. Models inside the framework have provided precise details regarding what to do in particular scenarios. Also, knowledge capture and retrieval cannot be tackled in isolation from issues such as. Leadership support and cooperative culture. It is worth mentioning that this expert selected the rating of 2 for all of the 10 rating-based questions which are considered statistically biased. However, it was thought that this academic expert provided his personal details and these matched the tracking information. Therefore it was considered a valid response, and his opinion was appreciated. Other points were also considered related to the advantages of the framework; and impressions about the presentation. 7.5.6 Framework Improvement Another question was put forward in regards to how the framework can be improved. The feedback from the expert participants are listed below: By trial and error. The framework can be improved after application l did not analyse the presentation critically to make rational input in this direction I would rather read the whole PhD thesis and make my suggestions What issues should be addressed? Profitability, time and teamwork? There is no such thing as ideal knowledge framework. Therefore the knowledge framework can also be improved. Evolvement of a framework can be made by lessons learnt from previous projects; receiving constructive criticism and using good management techniques such as benefits and stakeholder management. Furthermore being clear about the benefits of knowledge capture and retrieval, with the onward transmittal/access of results by stakeholders, communication and using the framework communication channels for optimum use. The framework is excellent for understanding the needs and requirements of this age, and that knowledge should be shared for the benefit of all within an organisation; rather than being kept and possibly lost by the few, when the project team is dissolved or re-assigned. Show an example of how it will operate in practice. Working hand in hand with the IT system which enhances its process and records all captured knowledge after structuring it. The answers can be categorised into four major groups: Firstly, improvement is a continuous process, and the most appropriate way to improve the framework is through the application. Secondly, improvement can be achieved by addressing time, profitability and teamwork which have already been addressed in this study. Profitability is a significant factor that can declare the importance of knowledge capture and retrieval of the project and is, therefore, one of the areas to be embarked upon. However, the development of a model to measure economic profit alone is enough to do a research project. Thirdly, the exertion of effort in linking the IT system with knowledge capture and retrieval approaches. The knowledge base is a component of the framework, and there is a need to train people on the use of the knowledge base which links knowledge capture and retrieval approaches. Finally, the use of labels to distinguish between compulsory and optional activities and resources. This has been presented differently in this research as the majority of the activities and resources were thought to be important if knowledge was required to be captured and retrieved successfully. It was decided only to emphasise activities or resources that were suggested but not deemed necessary. 7.6  Summary This chapter has set out to determine the validity of the framework. It has demonstrated that validity relies on of the inherent validity of the methods of data collection, analysis, and the inferences led to the construction of the framework. Critical in-depth revision, piloting, peer reviews and a fixed framework for analysis were the methods used in this research to maximise its validity. For the purpose of generalising (external validity) the framework, a number of factors were considered early on in this project. These included using a randomly selected sample in the survey; choosing a sample of best practice from the target population and comparing the results of best practice with the current practice obtained in the survey to assess the ability of and utilise the solution for the target population. Further steps were taken to test the generalisability of the framework by inviting practitioner and academic experts to evaluate its suitability and effectiveness. The results have indicated that the framework and its components are applicable and effective.   Ã‚  

The Effects of Violence in the Media Essay -- essays research papers

The Effects of Violence In the Media â€Å"Someone just got shoot on the streets due to the violence in the media.† That is what some people are saying that violence in the media is the cause of that. The controversy of the effects that violence has on people has been going on for a long time. This paper is going to prove both sides of the controversy and let one decide which side is right. Violence is on the news and on everyday action shows. Theses everyday shows are targeted for the kids of the world who are in the stages which are important for their lives. At this point in their lives the kids can make life changing decisions the violence on TV has some effects on that decision. One might watch a scene from â€Å"Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles† which may show them betting up a bad guy for trying to hurt someone. â€Å"The consequences of killing, especially by the "good guys," are seldom shown.† It doesn’t show the turtles getting in trouble for hurting someone it shows them as being the good guys. In real life you won’t be going around betting people up with out getting into trouble as well. It’s not like the kids won’t see so act of violence on TV for there is 50-60 times more violent commercial TV for the children then for the adult’s prime-time programs. Do you try to stop that by putting up parental controls on your TV? If you do that you have the protection on your TV but what about the TVs at their friend’s houses? â€Å"The typical American child watches 28 hours of television a week, and by the age of 18 will have seen 16,000 simulated murders and 200,000 acts of violence.† With all of that violence on TV there is a good chance of a child thinking that violence is the answer to all their questions. Yet it isn’t just the TV that brings us the violence there are other factors. â€Å"Girls who watched more than an average amount of violence tended to throw things at their husbands. Boys who grew up watching violent TV shows were more likely to be violent with their wives.† This is true but what if you didn’t watch the violent TV shows but your parents acted that way to each other? Would you turn into a wife better or would you turn into a caring person? This hasn’t been proven so I can’t give you an exact answer. What I do believe is that children look up to their parents ... ...eed to be able to perform your best when you are in reality. One bad thing about thinking you are in the dream world is that you might think that you are in that dream world all the time. â€Å"He was blaming the doctors and nurses for his pain, since on TV getting shot didn't seem to be all that big of a deal.† This is showing that some people can’t realize when they are out of that dream world. If they don’t realize that they are out of the dream world then they might act the same way as they see on TV. They might just go and bet someone up because they were doing something that they didn’t like or they were doing something wrong. â€Å"Children who watched one to three hours of television each day when they were 14 to 16 years old were 60 per cent more likely to be involved in assaults and fights as adults.† This is saying that people might act like the people in the TV shows that they might watch in real life. Take for instance someone just watched â€Å"Fight Club† they might turn around and start fighting each other for sport and think that they can get away with it. If you are doing that in your own home that is ok but when you bring it out onto the streets you could be arrested for it.